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One doesn’t realize in Europe how long the struggle by the tribes of the Native Americans for their home country and their Right to Life has taken and how many crimes have been inflicted upon them by the White Man. They started just after the beginning of colonization (at the same time as the Thirty-year-war in Germany) and ended only in the 20^th Century.

Will the Natives of the territories of the Germans and the rest of the Europeans in the final struggle for their culture and their Right to Life against the foreign “settlers” from the remaining parts of the Earth show only a fraction of the bravery the “Red Indians” demonstrated in their struggle for existence?

 

The tenacious fight of resistance

of the Red Indians –

A story full of blood and tears.

 

 

1000 – The first Europeans to step on to the American continent are Icelandic Normans under the leadership of Leif Ericson. 

1492 – Christopher Columbus discovers the new continent once again, after he also made enquiries in Iceland about the new land in the West. But he only enters an island in the Caribbean Sea. It is not known to him that there are huge areas of land further on. 


1506 – A French expedition explores the coasts of the North-East of North America.

1534-1535 – The expedition of the Frenchman Jacques Cartier reaches the estuary of the St. Laurence River and advances through the inland to Canada, up to the point where Montreal is situated now. 

1565 – Establishment of the first settlement of émigrés in North America, the Spanish city San Augustine in Florida.

1607 – British settlers are founding the city Jamestown in Virginia, amongst them also Captain John Smith who later meets the leader of the united Red Indian tribes of Virginia, Chief Powhatan.

1620 – Pilgrims land at Cape Cod, or Cape of Keel, in New England, and found not far from their landing place the city of Plymouth and later the first colony, Massachusetts.

1622 – Red Indian tribes of Virginia start the struggle of resistance against the British settlements. The Red Indians destroy 73 of the 81 settlements. 

 

1636-1637 – War of the Indian tribe of the Pequot under Chief Sassacus against the settlements in Massachusetts.
1644 – Second war of the Indians of Virginia under the leadership of Chief Opechancanough.

 

1675-1676 – War of the Wampanoag under the leadership of Chief Metacom.

1676 – Assassination of Metacom by a traitor of his own people.

1680 – Uprising of the Pueblo-tribes under the leadership of shaman Popé (also spelled Po'Pay) in New Mexico.

1762-1763 - Pontiac, the Chieftain of the Ottawa, united the Indians of the East of North-America for the fight against the colonies.  

1763 – Start of the war under Pontiac, siege of Detroit.

1765 – End of the war by Pontiac.

1769 – Assassination of Pontiacs in Cahokia by a drunken Peoria Indian.

1776 – Foundation year of the United States of America

1799 - Tecumseh, the Chief of the Shawnee, unites the Indians of North-America.

1811 – Battle of Tippecanoe, in which the majority of the Indian braves were wiped out, due to the megalomania of Tecumseh’s brother – Tenskwatawa.

1813 -Tecumseh is killed in the Battle of the Thames.

1813-1831 - Wars of the Sauk and Fox (also called Sac and Fox) tribes. 

1817-1838 – Fights of the Serninoles in Florida. 

1824 – Founding of the Office of Indian Affairs in the United States Department of War.

1825 – First Treaty between the United States Government and the Lakota. They point out today that this treaty established their national independency. 

1838 – Osceola, chief of the Seminoles in Florida, dies of malaria in prison.

1838 - "Trail of Tears" - the expulsion of the tribes of the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chikasaw, Muscogee-Creek and a part of the Seminoles and the rests of other small tribes of the North-American South-East into the area behind the Mississippi, into Oklahoma. Parallel to that the Shawnee, Huron, Miami, Delaware und Ottawa are re-settled from the North-Eastern part of the USA area at the time. 

1842-59 – Opening of the "Oregon Trail", 1849 - the Ministry of the Interior adopts all Indian affairs and the "Bureau of Indian Affairs" (BIA) comes into existence. Gold is discovered in California. 

1844 – The United States Congress determines the „Law concerning the regulation of interaction and trade with the native Indian tribes and about the maintenance of peace at the Indian border“.  According to this law the border to the Indian area was running along the Mississippi river.

1848 - Mexico is forced to cede the areas of today’s states of Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and Colorado by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo to the USA, in which many Indian tribes live, amongst them the Apaches, the Pueblo tribes and the Navaho. 

1851 - In February Congress allocates 100.000 Dollar for Treaty negotiations.  In autumn a peace negotiation takes place with delegates of the Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Crow, Assiniboine, Arikara, Mandan and Gros-Ventre over the building of roads and forts in their territory. The treaty signed on 17th September qualifies the Indian treaty partners as a Nation, defines their territory, but doesn’t contain any cessions of land. In the following years this treaty is broken again and again by the US-side, since new forts, mail stations, the pony express, the gold rush at Pike's Peak (1858) and the founding of Denver (1859) brought new gold diggers and settlers into the country. 

1861 – The Federal State of Colorado becomes US Territory.  Black Kettle, White Antelope, and Lean Bear of the Cheyenne as well as Little Raver, Storm, and Big Mouth of the Arapaho agree in Fort Wise to a resettlement on the land at Sand Creek and at the Arkansas River near Fort Lyon. The treaty is not signed by all Chiefs.

1861-1865 – Civil War – War of the Northern against the Southern States in the USA

1862 - The uprising of the Santee-Dakota under Little Crow in Minnesota is quelled by General Henry H. Sibley. Of the survivors 38 are hanged, the death sentence of many others converted to imprisonment.

The "Homestead Act" is adopted and encourages the occupation of Indian Territory by settlers. Each head of a family aged 21 years or more, who is a citizen of the USA, and has cultivated a piece of land for 5 years, received a quarter of that land as a gift and was able to acquired a further 64 hectares for 1.25 Dollars per hectare.

1863 – Assassination of Little Crow during an attack on a farm near the city of Hutchinson.

Assassination of the Chief of the united Apaches, Mangas Coloradas, after he was lured into a military camp by US-soldiers under false pretenses, and shackled  

1863-1886 - Geronimo is the head of the Apaches. These Indians fight alternatively in the South of the USA and in North Mexico. Geronimo is captured, goes into the Reservation, but takes up the struggle for freedom with his braves in the mountains.  

1864 - The "Bozeman Trail", a shorter route to the newly discovered gold fields in Montana, is opened.

General Alfred Sully destroys a large camp of the Hunkpapa-Lakota in North-Dakota.

Colonel John M. Chivington and voluntary Militia units from Colorado destroy the peaceful Cheyenne village of Black Kettle at Sand Creek, dismember and rape women and children.

1865 – Several Peace Treaties are signed by individual groups of the Lakota, Cheyenne, Arapaho, and the representatives of the US-government, which are intended to secure the territorial land and hunting rights from the Black Hills to the Bighorn Mountains, as well as in the region of the Yellowstone and Powder Rivers. It always escapes the notice of the peace commissions that only some of the politicians of the Indian local groups have signed. According to the legal conception of the Lakota these Treaties are not binding for all Lakota. The interest of the Federal Government in the gold fields, as well as the public pressure for military safeguarding of the land become increasingly larger after the Civil War (1861-65).

1866 – For the protection of the "Bozeman Trails" the Forts Phil Kearny und C. F. Smith are established by Col. Henry B. Carrington. The Oglala, Red Cloud, defends together with Crazy Horse, Black Shield (Minneconjou), Roman Nose, and Medicine Man (Cheyenne), Little Chief, and Sorrel Horse (Arapaho), the Powder River hunting grounds. On 21st December the Indian fighting force is successful to inflict defeat on the soldiers, in the well known battle of "Fetterman Massacre", but under great losses of their own. 

1867 – Persistent attacks by Red Clouds and his allies on the timber transports to Fort Kearney. On 1st August the Indian fighting force is beaten in the so-called "Wagon Box Fight". 

1868 – In the night to 26th November Colonel George Armstrong Custer, on orders from general Sheridan, and with the help of Osage scouts, attacks the village of Black Kettle at the Washita River and completely destroys it.

1870 – The US Government assigns a Christian denomination to every agency responsible for the administration of the Indians in reservations.

1871 – Congress ceases the practice of entering into contracts with Indians. From now on USA laws and decrees determine the relationship between the government and the Indians. Existing treaty rights remain only valid on paper.

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1874 – Army units under the leadership of General Custer examine the gold deposits in the Black Hills.

1876 – A military campaign starts in March under General George Crook. After a series of skirmishes the battle at Little Bighorn occurs on the 25th of June. Some thousands of warriors of the Lakota, Cheyenne, and Apaches wipe out the Seventh Cavalry under General Custer. The place of the battle today is called „Custer’s Last Stand“.

The US army tries to disarm the small groups of now dispersed Lakota, Cheyenne, and Apaches and take them to the reservations. A commission under George W. Manypenny, Bishop Henry B. Whipple, and A.S. Gaylord try with all means of persuasion and threads to induce the Lakota to surrender the Black Hills. They are successful in getting 10% of the Lakota to sign the Treaty. Although according to the treaty of 1868 a majority of 75% of adult male Lakota is necessary for any cessions of land, this number of signatures is sufficient for the US-government. 1980 the High Court of Justice admits the breach of treaty obligations by the USA. 

1877 – The “Black Hills Treaty“ becomes law. The Lakota not only lose the Black Hills, but also all territories of the "Unceded Indian Territory".

Sitting Bull flees with a group of Hunkpapa to Canada. Assassination of Crazy Horse in Fort Robinson.

1881 – After the Canadian government denies support for Sitting Bull they return home, close to starvation. Sitting Bull, Rain-in-the-Face, Gall and others are treated as war prisoners and are held in arrest.

1886 – Geronimo lays down his arms. Together with the last Apache warriors he is imprisoned in Fort Sill in Oklahoma.

1890 – President B. Harrison gives orders to remove Sitting Bull from Standing Rock. The supposed “Insurrectionist” is killed by Lakota policemen at his arrest.

Big Foot leaves Cheyenne River Reservation with a few Minneconjou to look for refuge with Red Cloud at Pine Ridge Reservation. The Seventh Cavalry Regiment finds the group at Wounded Knee. On the 29^th of December a shot is triggered during the disarming of the Indians, who already had surrendered, that started canon fire at the weaponless. Then follows one of the worst massacres in the history of the fight for freedom by the Indians; hundreds are murdered in a bloody frenzy.

 

1906 - Ishi – the last free Indian is arrested. 

1908 – Death of Geronimo, the most famous warrior of the Apaches, in Fort Still, after a long imprisonment.

1924 – The USA Congress puts the US-American citizenship over the Native Americans, the Red Indians.

1934 – Last military action of small groups of Apaches South of the border to the USA, in the Sierra Madre.

The President of the USA, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and the „Representative for Indian Affairs“, John Colher, work out a new Indian law, the so-called Indian Reorganization Act, which is adapted by Congress.

1950 – Members of six Indian tribes, forming the so-called Iroquois League, approach the UNO to call attention to their precarious state.

1972 – Indians of many reservations march in the „Trail of Broken Treaties“ on Washington and present a program of demands for the improvement in the relationship between the Indians and the USA, a few days before the presidential election. Participants in the march occupy the building of the BIA (Bureau of Indian Affairs). The confiscated documents prove corruption and mismanagement of the BIA. 

1973 – Due to the occupation of the village of Wounded Knee (Pine Ridge Reservation) by AIM (American Indian Movement) und Lakota-Traditionalists the world public learns about the situation of the US-Indians.

1990 – The Massacre at Wounded Knee has its hundredth anniversary. On initiative of the "Lakota Times" Governor George Mickelson declares this year the "Year of Reconciliation".

This „Reconciliation“ though doesn’t look different than the „Friendship of the USA with Germany after the war“, meaning robbery, deprivation of rights, dishonor, and finally ruination of succumbed people, presumptuousness, arrogance, dominance, falsification of history, and the permanent claim for dominance of the killer nation.

Gerhard Hess