REPUBLICS AND DEMOCRACIES
Statesmen, historians, and philosophers have been writing and speaking on this subject of Republics and Democracies down through the centuries for nearly three thousand years.
What follows here is based on recorded history. From the statesmen, historians, and philosophers who have written on this vast subject, and those who have studied it, have gained knowledge to their credit, and through them, not many have learned. Outside of his religious meditations, man’s greatest concern was his government, and how he would be governed. And as great scholars have said, in every field of human thought and activity, it is not possible to fully understand the present except through learning of the past.
It began in Greece, in the city of Athens during the Sixth Century BC when it was in great turmoil, mainly between its classes. The wise men had to develop, and make possible stability, internal peace, and prosperity, which they had come to expect of life in a civilized society. The citizens of Athens chose Solon, already a distinguished citizen, to resolve the strife in their present and for their future.
The laws of Solon were the first written regulations whereby men ever proposed to govern themselves. Solon’s decisions and his laws were but projections and syntheses of theories and practices, which had already been in existence for a long time. His election as Archon of Athens in 594 B.C. can justly be considered as the date of a whole new and huge approach to man’s eternal problem of government. He introduced the very principle of "government by written and permanent law" instead of "government by incalculable and changeable decrees." (Historian Will Durant).
From the basic concept that always had prevailed in Asia, and which still prevailed in Solon’s day, and which remained unquestioned in the Asiatic mind and empires until long after the fall of the Roman Empire of the East, when Solon had been dead two thousand years, was the beginning our western civilization.
While Solon’s laws remained in effect in Athens in varying degrees of theory and practice for five centuries, neither Athens nor any of the Greek city-states ever achieved the form of a republic, mainly for two reasons:
Solon introduced the permanent legal basis for a republican government, but not the framework for its establishment and continuation. The execution, observance, and perpetuation of Solon’s laws fell naturally into the hands of tyrants, who ruled Athens for long but uncertain periods of time, through changing forms and administrative procedures for their respective governments.
The Greek temperament was too volatile to accept the whole principle of self-government, even through a dictator who might have to be overthrown by force, for the Athenians to ever finish the job Solon had begun, and to bind themselves as well as their rulers down to the chains of an unchanging constitution.
The authority of Solon’s laws had to be enforced and established by successive tyrants like Pisistratus and Cleisthenes, or they might never have amounted to anything more than temporary rule. The ideal of rule according to written laws was there; and the fact that those laws were at times and to some extent, honored or observed constituted one huge step towards a true republic.
Out of the democracies of Greece, tempered by the laws of Solon, came as a direct spiritual descendant the first true republic the world has ever known in Rome, in its earlier centuries, after the monarchy had been replaced, from about 509 B.C. to 49 B.C. Rome had rid itself of kings and turned to the Caesars. In 454 B.C., the Roman Senate sent a commission of three men to Greece to study and report on the legislation of Solon. On the return of the commission, the Roman Assembly chose ten men---called the Decemviri---to rule with supreme power while formulating a new code of laws for Rome. They proposed, and the Assembly adopted, what were called The Twelve Tables. This code, based on Solon’s laws, became the written constitution of the Roman Empire and remained for nine hundred years the basic law of Rome. (Will Durant).
The Romans were familiar with governments, which had been founded by, and were responsible to, one class alone; especially "democracies," as of Athens, which at times considered the rights of the proletariat as supreme; and oligarchies, as of Sparta, which were equally biased in favor of the aristocrats. The Roman instinct and experience had led them to one of the fundamental requisites of a true republic.
The Romans were opposed to tyranny in any form; and the feature of government to which they gave the most thought was a system of checks and balances. From time to time they tried to forestall the potential tyranny of one set of governmental agents by the guardianship or watchdog of powers of another group. When their Tribunes were set up, around 350 B.C., their express purpose and duty was to protect the people of Rome against their own government. (This was very much as USA’s Bill of Rights was designed by USA’s Founding Fathers for exactly the same purpose.) Other changes in the Roman government had similar aims. The result was a civilization and a government which, by the time Carthage was destroyed, had become the wonder of the world, and which remained in memory until the Nineteenth Century, when its glories began receding in the minds of those who gave the original thirteen states their Constitutional Republic.
"Without checks and balances," Dr. Will Durant summarizes one statement of Cicero, "Monarchy becomes despotism, aristocracy becomes oligarchy, and democracy becomes mob rule, chaos, and dictatorship." Dr. Durant also quotes Cicero verbatim about the man usually chosen as leader by an ungoverned populace, as "someone bold and unscrupulous who curries favor with the people by giving them other men’s property."
Cicero was bemoaning the same breakdown of the republic and its protection against such demagoguery and increasing "democracy", as the United States have been experiencing through pressures that have been converting the American Republic into a democracy through a well organized conspiratorially effort. Virgil, and many great Romans like him, Dr. Durant said, were aware that "class war, not Caesar, killed the Roman Republic." It is only through history will we learn to avoid repeating the same mistakes, as USA’s Founding Fathers did.
Seneca wrote, "Democracy is more cruel than tyrants."
By the time of the American Revolution and Constitution, the meanings of the words "republic" and "democracy" were will established and readily understood. Most of this accepted meaning derived from the Roman and Greek experiences. The two words are not, as most of today’s enemies of the U.S. Constitutional Republic would have you believe, parallels in etymology, or history, or meaning. The word Democracy, in a political sense, had always referred to a type of government, as distinguished from monarchy, or autocracy, or oligarchy, or principate. The word Republic, before 1789, had designated the quality and nature of a government, rather than its structure.
Explaining some words
The word democracy comes from the Greek and means, literally, government by the people. The word "republic" comes from the Latin, res publica, and means literally "the public affairs. The word "commonwealth," as once widely used, is almost an exact translation and continuation of the original meaning of res publica.
The historical development of the meaning of the word republic might be summarized as follows: The Greeks learned that man became free when he recognized that he was subject to law. The Romans applied the general term "republic" specifically to that system of government in which both the people and their rulers were subject to law.
The meaning of Republic was thoroughly understood by the writers of the Constitution of the United States. As early as 1775 John Adams pointed out that Aristotle, representing Greek thought, Livy, whom he chose to represent Roman thought, and Harington, a British statesman, all define a republic to be a government of laws and not of men. They were doing everything in their power to avoid for their own times, and to prevent for future, the evils of a democracy.
For over a hundred years the U.S. politicians, statesmen, and people remembered that their country was a republic, not a democracy, and knew what they meant when they made that distinction. Throughout all of the Nineteenth Century and the early part of the Twentieth, America as a republic grew great and became the envy of the world.
In 1870 the Jew Benjamin Disraeli, the Prime Minister of England, had come up with an epigram which is strikingly true for the United States today. "The world is weary," he said, " of statesmen whom democracy has degraded into politicians."
In USA, James Russell Lowell recognized the danger of unlimited majority rule by writing: "Democracy gives every man The right to be his own oppressor."
Xenocracy
Khazarian
Jews at Ellis Island. Two of the many Khazars that introduced
Zenocracy to USA.In to day’s world there is one Greek word one should know and learn the meaning of - that word is xenocracy. This word as you see consist of two parts: xeno and cracy. The first meaning alien, strange, foreign. The second meaning rule. Set together these two words mean: rule by alien - rule by foreign.
In to day’s world - or rather during the last 55 years of the last century - all western countries have been XENOCRACY.
I wander why we never read or hear this word from our politicians. Could it be they do not want to step on sore toes?
In the face of Chutzpah , Jewish audacity and outright lies, resistance must be a national duty.
Heil og sael
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