What did actually happen to Germany in the years AFTER 1945
(“PEACE TIME”)?
1.
LOSS of TERRITORY:
About 40 % of the German populated areas within the prewar
borders of Germany were given to Poland, CSR, even the Soviet
Union, or forced into separation (Austria).
2.
EXPULSION:
20 million Germans were expelled from their homes, houses, farms
in Eastern parts of Germany or areas in East Europe. They were
killed, forced into concentration camps, forced labor and
survivors deported to the West.
3.
MURDER and RAPE:
During
the process of expulsion, 3 million German civilians were killed
in unforgettable atrocities. Around two million girls and women
were raped.
4.
PRISONERS of WAR:
Three million
POW’s were killed, mostly by deliberate starvation, one million
in the “Eisenhower annihilation camps” (www.Rheinwiesenlager.de
)
5.
FORCED LABOR:
Millions of German POW’s were subjected to forced labor in many
countries including those of the Western Allies. Around one
million German civilians, men and women, were gathered on the
streets and deported for forced labor..
6.
STARVATION:
Deliberate starvation of the German population that had survived
the bombing raids by a range of harsh and cruel measures of the
Allied forces, especially the Americans. 6,5 million German died
from starvation and exhaustion from 1945 until 1950.
7.
“PAPERCLIP”:
All German patents and trademarks were robbed. Allied transports
of patent specifications, proprietary drawings, formulas of
dyes, medicaments, synthetic materials, work drawings,
prototypes, proprietary specifications of technical procedures
amounted to many shiploads. Many scientists were deported or
“invited” to work in the Allied countries.
8.
GOLD and ARTS:
The German Gold reserves were stolen and transported to the US.
The wealth of German museums as well as private property was
robbed.
9.
DE-INDUSTRIALIZATION:
The
German factories that had survived the bombing raids were
dismantled (“DEMONTAGE”) and blown up until after 1950 including
all branches, even factories producing watches, toys or china.
Roosevelt’s Catos
Peter Stuyvesant
Winter-in-Germany-1946-1947
Today we can hardly imagine that 65 years ago the victorious Allies were in the process of dismembering Germany, tearing down its economy and starving out its population. Older Germans remember the postwar winter of 1946/1947 as a dreadful hunger winter. In his book The German Question and the Origins of the Cold War (Milan 2008) Nicolas Lewkowicz notes that Germany was given the most comprehensive treatment ever dispensed to a vanquished nation in the modern history of the international political system. (p. 11) The question is how this treatment came to be and which forces played a pivotal role in these developments.
In 1942 the war was far from decided as German submarines were cruising the American Eastcoast and German tanks were relentlessly advancing in Russia and Africa. This did not stop (or maybe actually encouraged) Jewish exiles from dreaming about Germanys demise after the war. Tens of thousands of Jewish exiles from Germany had found refuge in New York and even had their own newspaper Aufbau (German word for build-up).
They were not sitting idle awaiting the end of hostilities, but were active in canvassing the public opinion to lobby for imposing a hard peace on Germany. The most active and outspoken among them was Emil Cohn, better known under his German pen name Emil Ludwig.
Cohn delivered an important speech in New York in 1942, which was noted in the New YorkTimes (6thof July 1942) and printed in Aufbau (July 24th1942): “Was soll mit Deutschland geschehen?” (“What should happen with Germany?”). Ludwig advocated that Germany should be totally occupied and not be able to exercise self-government for a long time. Germany should go through a “probation” and should be “re-educated”.
The date of these long standing
suggestions is important, since the allegation, Germany had
murdered millions of convicts of the concentration camps, which
could never be proven by forensic evidence, claims, the
beginning of the mass murder lied in June 1942.
Another contributor to Aufbau, Manfred George, made no secret about his primary allegiance when he noted in Aufbau (March 19th 1943) that onetime German-speaking Jews consider this problem [of Germanys fate after the war] as Jews and not as Germans. There were many similar voices but Cohn was not a mere commentator as he was summoned to testify before the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives on March 26 1943. He proposed a partition of Germany and a long period of Allied control. In order to spread his radical ideas among the American public he published a book with the title “How To Treat The Germans” (New York: Willard, 1943).
Note
that there is no question mark in the title.
In Jewish circles there was little room for a distinction between National-Socialist policies and the German people, which was contrary to the American public opinion of Germany as I will illustrate below. The idea of collective punishment based on collective guilt was paramount among Jews. During a protest rally at Boston Garden on May 2 1943 assistant secretary of state Adolf Augustus Berle Jr. exclaimed:
‘This guilt now generalized throughout the German people must constitute one of the basic considerations in dealing with the German people in the hour of their final defeat.’ The World Jewish Congress published Berle’s speech at this rally in the Jewish Comment(May 28, 1943). Berle came from a family of Zionists. His father, Adolf Augustus Berle Sr., was the author of the book The World Significance Of A Jewish State (New York: M. Kennerly, 1918). Despite his seemingly rather lowly post Berle was a confidant of Roosevelt and was part of
his Brain Trust, a presidential advisory group stemming from the 1930s and which also had several other Jews.
Knowing that Jewish activists with access to the White House were advocating harsh measures to be imposed on postwar Germany, it is not surprising that a harsh peace was being drafted long before the end of the war. In April 1943 the American journalist Kingsbury Smith revealed the blueprint for a defeated Germany under the title Washington’s Plan for Postwar Germany in the American Mercury 56 (April 1943). This plan was entirely congruent with the ideas of Cohn and Berle:
1. The decentralization of Germany as a political and economic unit;
2. The reduction of Germany’s heavy industry by the removal of machinery, and then placing the remaining industries under Allied control for an indefinite period of years;
3. The establishment of an Allied commission for the investigation of war crimes and the trial of Germans who were responsible for sponsoring or condoning “the barbaric slaughter and persecution of Jews” in Europe as well as other war crimes.
This plan meant that the
abandonment of the Anglo-American Atlantic Charter of August
1941, which stipulated that no territorial changes
would be
made without the consent of the people concerned. Moreover, the
plan was highly criticized in the media and did not have any
significant support among the American public.
A public opinion-poll of June 1943 showed that only 11% of the
people
in the poll were in favor of
carving up Germany (‘Germany
in the Dock,’ Fortune, June
27, 1943). In a poll of September 1943
only a quarter of the American
public responded that Germany was inherently warlike (50%
thought Japan was inherently warlike).
Apparently the American public did not hate (or fear) Germans. In order to achieve this the Society for the Prevention of World War III was found in December 1943. At a first glance non-Jews like the German pacifist Friedrich Wilhelm Foerster and the American fiction writer Rex Stout were in charge, but the advisory committee was stacked with Jews like William Shirer, Paul Winkler, Louis Nizer and Clifton Fadiman.
Jews were also overrepresented among the contributors and writers, because they were mustered in Jewish circles (S. Casey (2005), ‘The campaign to sell a harsh peace for Germany to the American public, 1944?1948,’ p. 11) The Society was the vanguard of advocates for Germany’s dismemberment. In 1943 Paul Winkler published a book called “The German Conspiracy: Secret Germany Behind the Mask” (New York: Charles Scribner’s sons, 1943). In 1944 Louis Nizer published his book “What To Do With Germany” (Chicago: Ziff-Davis) in which he advocated that Germany’s sovereignty as a nation should be forfeited. The society was not very successful among the public. Indeed, its hatred for the Germans as a nation caused indignation among some writers and editors, who accused the society of bad history, bad logic, and inverted racism (Common Sense, June 1944 p. 207212).
In the summer of 1944 the defeat of Germany seemed imminent and Roosevelt felt confident enough to propose an official postwar plan for Germany to his Anglo-Saxon ally Churchill during the Quebec Conference of September 1944. This time it was the Treasury Department of Roosevelt’s long-time confidant Henry Morgenthau Jr. (also from the above mentioned Brain Trust) who drafted the plan, circumnavigating the State Department. Before Morgenthau submitted his plan during the conference he visited the front in France in August 1944. He was
horrified to find out that in London and among the American generals plans were afoot to administer a conquered Germany not as a madhouse full of psychopathic killers but as a defeated nation in need of rebuilding. (J.M. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries, Houghton Mifflin 1967). Churchill ultimately agreed to adopt the plan in exchange for a large loan which Great-Britain desperately needed at this stage of the war. The plan was again leaked to the press, causing indignation and criticism towards the Roosevelt administration. Even from within the
administration secretary of state Henry L. Stimson criticized the ‘Carthaginian peace.’
Morgenthau envisaged the
dismemberment of the German state and decimation of the German
people. A quarter of Germany’s
territory was to be given to neighboring countries and
ethnically cleansed from Germans. The rest was to be politically
divided into several pieces, which were under the control of the
Allied nations. Germans were deprived of any form of
self-governance and political
self-determination. Economically, the remaining German territory
was to be stripped of all its industry and the German people
were only to be fed on a subsistence level. Germans were not
allowed to emigrate and were liable to be conscripted for forced
labor abroad. Access by relief organizations was not allowed,
and any charity from abroad was forbidden. Germany was to become
the largest concentration camp on earth.
Goebbels described the plan as
followed: ‘The Jew
Morgenthau wanted to make Germany into a giant potato patch.’
The ‘Morgenthau Plan’
has often been downplayed: Morgenthau’s
role was diminished by the suggestion that it came largely from
the pen of Harry Dexter White (also Jewish, a target of Sen. Joe
McCarthy, and later shown to be a communist spy), that the plan
was executed after Morgenthau’s
term of office, and that the Allied occupation in fact ended in
the formation of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1948.
However, it should be noted that Morgenthau was committed to the execution of his plan and published a book Germany Is Our Problem (New York: Harper, 1945) to personally promote the plan. The Allied occupation regime until 1948 largely executed the Morgenthau Plan by Joint Chiefs of Staff Directive 1067 imposing a division of Germany into four zones, restrictive food distribution which caused starvation in 1947, and by dismantling German industries. Millions of Germans were submitted to forced labor abroad and millions of Germans were on the brink of starvation at home as pointed out in Herbert Hoover’s report ‘German Agricultural and Food Requirements.’ Eventually, it was the Cold War that hastened the creation of the Federal Republic of Germany and its merging into the camp of the Western Allies.
As outlined above, the Roosevelt administration’s postwar plan for Germany did not stem from the sentiment among the American public, or even its generals at the front. The American public did not believe in the inherent evil of the Germans, nor did it desire a harsh peace. They did not hate the Germans, nor did they believe in collective guilt/punishment. It was the desire of small minority of Jewish activists and policy makers with access to President Roosevelt. The Morgenthau Plan did not come out of the blue; its outline was in place long before September 1944. It stemmed from the same group of Jewish activists and policy makers who had advocated its basic principles for years in many publications. Morgenthau himself was deeply committed to his plan and advocated its execution after his leave from office. The Morgenthau Plan became the official Allied occupation policy of Germany until Cold War reality forced its abandonment. Still, it should be noted that at least until 1991 German chancellors were forced to sign a ‘act of submission’ to the Allied victors before entering office.
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